K2
The K2 is the full range element of a WST line source with variable curvature and adjustable horizontal directivity. The K2 loudspeaker enclosure is based on a 3-way active design. It comprises 4 input sections: 2 LF and 1 MF at a nominal impedance of 8 ohms, and 1 HF at a nominal impedance of 16 ohms. It features two 12? speakers and four 6.5?, all direct-radiating neodymium speakers mounted in a bass-reflex enclosure, and two 3? neodymium diaphragm compression drivers coupled to individual DOSC waveguides and adjustable directivity fins. The transducers are implemented in a K-shape configuration. The cabinet is made of machined first grade Baltic birch plywood combined to die cast aluminum side panels to ensure maximum acoustical and mechanical integrity while reducing weight to the minimum. A four-point rigging system is integrated into the cabinet.
The K2 enclosure operates over the nominal frequency range of 35 Hz to 20 kHz. Its LF resources can be reinforced with the dedicated K1-SB extension and its bandwidth can be extended down to 25 Hz with the SB28 subwoofer. In the horizontal plane, the directivity is adjustable down to 300 Hz, with two symmetric settings (70° or 110°) and two asymmetric settings (90° as 35°/55° or 55°/35°).
The K2 rigging system allows vertical assembly of enclosures with various inter-element angles (up to 10°), constituting a line array with variable curvature. The combination of the coplanar symmetry and the DOSC waveguide in the HF region ensure a perfect acoustic coupling between the elements of an array. The WST (Wavefront Sculpture Technology) criteria are fulfilled, so that such an array can be qualified as a true line source. Any WST line source provides a smooth tonal response and a coverage that is free of secondary lobes over the entire frequency range.
The K2 is driven and quad-amplified by the LA8 or LA4X controller with factory presets which ensure linearization, protection, and optimization for the loudspeaker system.
SB28
The SB28 enclosure is a recommended Subwoofer companion for the K1, KUDO, L-Acoustics V-DOSC and ARCS systems, lowering the combined system operating range down to 25 Hz.
The SB28 contains two 18`` direct radiating LF transducers integrated into a bass-reflex tuned enclosure.The specially designed 18`` transducers provide an exceptional cone excursion capability combined with low thermal compression even at the very highest operating levels. The bass-reflex vents feature a progressive profile allowing laminar airflow. The association of the modern components with the new vents delivers a greatly improved +5 dB peak SPL output compared to the previous standards.
The control and amplification of the SB28 is managed by the LA8 platform.The DSP filtering encompasses advanced crossover functions, system EQ, and L-DRIVE thermal and overexcursion protection of the transducers. The L-Acoustics LA8 amplified controller offers the following drive modes:
- The ``standard`` mode using SB28 as a companion to K1, KUDO, L-Acoustics V-DOSC and ARCS, featuring a low-pass filter at 60 Hz ([SB28_60] preset) or closely coupled to ARCS with a low-pass filter at 100 Hz ([SB28_100] preset)
- The ``cardioid`` mode using SB28 as a companion to K1, KUDO, L-Acoustics V-DOSC, and ARCS, featuring a low-pass filter at 60 Hz ([SB28_60_C] preset) or closely coupled to ARCS with a low-pass filter at 100 Hz ([SB28_100_C] preset)
The performance of the SB28 enclosure depends upon the choice of preset and physical system configuration.
Made of high grade Baltic birch plywood, the cabinet also features industry standard Aeroquip rails for line array rigging.
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Used L-Acoustics
L-Acoustics is a French manufacturer of loudspeakers, amplifiers and signal processing devices for rental and installed sound markets. Headquartered in Marcoussis, just south of Paris, the company has satellite operations in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany, as well as a global Rental Network of production companies deploying and cross-renting its products. The company is also known for providing music festivals with its loud, powerful sounding speakers.In September 1984, Dr. Christian Heil, a physicist in the field of elementary particles with a passion for sound, created an electro-acoustic engineering firm named C.HEIL.TEA, later to be renamed L-Acoustics. In 1989, the company launched its MTD115, a high-performance coaxial loudspeaker for sound reinforcement use.
In 1992, Heil and his team pioneered the field of modern line source array loudspeakers with their V-DOSC system, which benefitted from L-Acoustics’ new Wavefront Sculpture Technology (WST) theory. Based on principles developed by Heil and fellow physics colleague Professor Marcel Urban, WST defined five criteria for design and use of true line source arrays. At the heart of WST is the internationally-patented DOSC waveguide, which was the first high-frequency device capable of creating a rectangular, constant-phase planar output.
In combination with WST, coplanar symmetry - the equivalent of coaxial assembly for HF, MF and LF drivers in vertical arrays - provides a coherent wavefront over the entire horizontal coverage at all frequencies. This behaves as if the sound was radiated by a single, continuous and articulated ribbon, and allows a highly coherent sonic signature in long throw applications, beyond the limits of previously traditional clustered systems.
Although Heil did not invent the underlying theory of the line array, his research and design work that ultimately resulted in the V-DOSC system altered the landscape of loudspeaker design. Today, nearly every professional audio loudspeaker manufacturer has adopted the line array model for their premier touring systems, and Heil is generally recognized as the "father of the modern line array."
Over the years, L-Acoustics has gone on to introduce other products, including the ARCS Constant Curvature Array (1995), dV-DOSC modular line source (1999), Kudo with K-Louver variable directivity (2005), P Series self-powered coaxials (2006), SB28 subwoofer with laminar vents and LA4 and LA8 amplified controllers (2007). The debut of L-Acoustics’ Soundvision simulation software in 2004 enabled system designers to create accurate 3D acoustical models of potential systems using the company’s products.
In 2008, 15 years after the launch of V-DOSC, L-Acoustics introduced its newest flagship system known as K1, designed primarily for large festivals and stadium sound reinforcement applications. Distribution of the earliest K1 systems sold was extremely limited to a small number of touring sound companies that agreed to participate in the manufacturer’s K1/Kudo Pilot Program,[7] providing feedback to L-Acoustics’ R&D team on its field performance.
Since then, the manufacturer has established both its new Rental Network and System Integration Charter, as well as debuted other new products, including the Kara and Kara(i) WST line source enclosures and SB18 and SB18i subwoofers (2010).
The K1 stadium line array system was recognized with the top prize for "Indispensable Technology - Audio" at the 10th annual Parnelli Awards ceremony held at the Rio All Suites Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas on October 22, 2010.
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Safety Cable: A steel cable that has a clip on one end and a loop on the other. It is intended to be threaded through a piece of hanging equipment and around a support structure, such as a batten or truss, and then clipped to its loop. It then acts as a safety support should the primary support, such as a pipe clamp or hanging arm, fail.
Safety Screen: A metal wire screen, placed at the front of an open-face light source, designed to retain large pieces of broken glass should the lamp break.
Sail: The total surface area of an overhead, butterfly, scrim, flag or cutter.
Saturation: The aspect of color that determines the difference from white at a constant hue, i.e., the property of any color that distinguishes it from a gray of the same brightness. High saturation is one with little or no white light added to the color, like deep red. Low saturation is one with a large amount of white light added to the color, such as light pink.
Scoop: Named for its scoop-like shape, an open face flood light with a large, diffuse reflector that is essentially the body of the light source. The reflector is parabolic, spherical, or ellipsoidal and is generally made from unpainted aluminum.
Screw Base: A threaded, cylindrical shaped lamp base with a single contact on the bottom. The threaded part of the base holds the lamp into its socket and acts as the second contact.
Scrim: In the theatre industry, a thin, gauze-like curtain. When illuminated from the front, it appears opaque, and when illumination is present behind it but not on it, the scrim becomes almost transparent. It can also appear translucent when there is some illumination directly on it, and some illumination present behind it, in the proper proportions. In the film and video industries, a fabric panel, used for dimming, with the light source being a lamp head or sunlight. They are available in variety of sizes and shapes and materials of varying density. In the film and video industries, a round, framed metal screen, available in various densities, placed on the front of a light source to act as a dimmer. They are also available so that only half of the frame is screened, therefore allowing for only a portion of the light to be dimmed. For us, a metal screen used in front of a light to reduce intensity without diffusion.
Scrim Set: A set of metal scrims comprising a full double density, half double density, full single density and half single density.
Sealed Beam Lamp: A lamp with an integral light source, reflector and lens, all of which are either sealed within, or are a part of the envelope.
Shutter Blade: A single framing shutter.
Shutters: Short for Framing Shutters. A rectangular, metal apparatus that resembles a Venetian blind in form and function, generally used as a mechanical dimmer or blackout mechanism on large spotlights.
Side Light: Illumination of a subject from the side to place the subject in depth. A light source that provides such illumination.
Silk: Specifically, a fabric used for linear diffusion material it spreads the light linearly. It can be made from natural China silk or nylon. Generally, a scrim used in the film and video industries that is made from silk.
Single Ended Lamp: A lamp that has only one base and all of its contacts on the base.
Snoot: A cone-shaped accessory that mounts on the light to confine the beam to a very small spot.
Soft Edge: A beam pattern edge that is not very clear and distinguishable, i.e. one with a fuzzy or blurry perimeter.
Soft Light: Illumination that produces shadows with a soft edge. A light source that provides such illumination.
Solid: An opaque panel, usually made of fabric, placed into the beam of a light source to block a portion or the entire beam.
SP: A lamp designation that means spot.
Specular: A term used to describe a surface that is highly reflective or mirror-like the kind of hard light from a small, pinpoint light source.
Specular Light: See Hard Light, definition #1.
Spot: Short for Spot Light. The position of a focusable lamp, lens or pair of lenses on a spotlight that produces the most narrow field angle. To mark a location on which a light source will be focused. A term used to describe a round light pattern.
Spot Light: Generally, any of several types of light sources capable of emitting a beam pattern that is round, or in some instances, oval in shape, but more specifically this term refers to Fresnel spotlights, ellipsoidal spotlights and follow spots.
Spun Glass: A diffusion material made from glass fibers.
Stand Adapter: An apparatus used for mounting any one of a number of devices to a stand.
Strip Light: A multi-lamp light source with its lamps mounted in a straight row.
Strobe: Short for strobe light. See Flash.
Strobe Light: (Flash) A tube filled with xenon gas through which an electrical charge of high voltage is passed to create an electrical arc that emits a short, bright flash of light. Flash light is daylight balanced, usually measuring 5500° Kelvin. See Flash.
Stud: A metal protrusion, generally 3/8", 1/2", 5/8" or 1 1/8" in diameter. It is used to mount light sources and assorted grip equipment to a receiver such as a light stand. Studs also have wide, circular grooves designed to captivate the tip of the tee-handle or bolt provided with the receiver. This prevents the receiver-stud combination from unintentionally uncoupling, and can also prevent the stud from rotating once it`s seated. Any threaded metal protrusion used to mount light sources and assorted grip equipment via a nut or threaded socket.
Studio Fresnel: A Fresnel spotlight used primarily in studios for the film and video industries. Because portability is generally not a concern, these tend to be larger than location Fresnel`s of the same wattage.
Three-Point Lighting: The standard lighting system of key, fill and back lighting from which all other lighting setups evolve.
Transformer (Xformer): An item that converts voltage from one value to another. There are two basic types, electronic and magnetic, and both come in many configurations.
Translucent: A term used to describe something that transmits light, but scatters light rays so that a clear image cannot be seen through the material.
Transparent: A term used to describe something that transmits light without scattering light rays, so that a clear image can be seen through the material.
Tungsten: An element used to manufacture lamp filaments. It has a melting point of approximately 3400°.
Tungsten-Halogen: A term used to describe a family of lamps that use the halogen gas iodine, an envelope made of quartz, and a filament made of tungsten, in their manufacture.
Tweenie: A 300-650 watt Fresnel spotlight.
Twofer: A special power cord that has one male connector electrically connected to two female connectors via two separate cables or sets of sleeved wires.
Two-Pin Base: A lamp base with two narrow, parallel pin shaped contacts protruding from the bottom.
Ultraviolet (UV): A reference to anything that uses or emits ultraviolet radiation. Electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength longer than x-rays but shorter than violet light, approximately 40nm to 380nm.
Ultraviolet Light (UV Light): Although not actually light, this is a commonly used term for Ultraviolet Radiation.
Ultraviolet Radiation (UV Radiation): Invisible electromagnetic energy, of which the longer wavelengths are used to excite fluorescent materials. The wavelengths below 320nm are potentially harmful to human tissue.
Unit: A term that is often used interchangeably with light source.
Warm Color: Generally, a color that is in the yellow-orange-red range.
Warm Light: Light having a color temperature of approximately 2600°K3400°K, or yellow-white to red-white.
Wash: An even overall illumination covering a large area.
Wash Light: A light source used to produce a wash.
Watt (W): A unit of measurement for heat or electrical power.
Wavelength: The distance, measured in the direction of propagation, of a repetitive electromagnetic wave between two successive points.
Xenon: A gas used in some arc lamps that allows for a point source with extremely high luminous intensity and a color temperature of approximately 5500-6200°K.
Y Cable: See Twofer.
Zoom: Short for zoom focus. Some ellipsoidal spotlights and many follow spots have a zoom-focus system.
Zoom Focus: A term used to describe an optical system whereby the lenses in a light source adjust so that a beam pattern with a hard edge can be attained at various sizes at various distances without sacrificing beam lumens.
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